Heres a good Video which talks about research ethics in the nursing and medical area. It starts off by talking about weighing up the risk against benefit ratio, the risk to the subject and human rights. It also looks at confidentiality once again and data sharing. I think its very useful, heres the link.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbXx2BCHhMI
Tuesday, 23 November 2010
Monday, 22 November 2010
Confidentiality in Research ethics
I have decided to pick up on one of Lisa's points about confidentiality within research ethics.
I found a particular paragraph on a website which talks about how almost all research guarantees the participants confidentiality. They are always assured that identifying information will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in the study. It also looks at the principle of anonymity which means that the participant will remain anonymous throughout the study, even to the researchers themselves. Clearly, the anonymity standard is a stronger guarantee of privacy, but it is sometimes difficult to accomplish, especially in situations where participants have to be measured at multiple time points (e.g., a pre-post study).
William M.K. Trochim, Last Revised: 10/20/2006, Ethics in Research, retrieved 09/11/2010 from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php.
I found a particular paragraph on a website which talks about how almost all research guarantees the participants confidentiality. They are always assured that identifying information will not be made available to anyone who is not directly involved in the study. It also looks at the principle of anonymity which means that the participant will remain anonymous throughout the study, even to the researchers themselves. Clearly, the anonymity standard is a stronger guarantee of privacy, but it is sometimes difficult to accomplish, especially in situations where participants have to be measured at multiple time points (e.g., a pre-post study).
William M.K. Trochim, Last Revised: 10/20/2006, Ethics in Research, retrieved 09/11/2010 from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php.
Ethical Issues - Consent, Partcipation
To make research ethical and valuable participants need to consent voluntarily and are not coerced into participation. If people are coerced into participating then the research results may be invalid and the research paper may be thrown out. There participation has to be voluntary and usually no incentives are offered other than travelling costs (Train, petrol etc).
Along with voluntary participation there also needs to be informed consent from participants. This means they need to be aware of the procedures and risks involved. This also means that participants should not be subject to any risk outside of there normal living circumstances.
William M.K. Trochim, (2006). Ethics in Research. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php
William M.K. Trochim, (2006). Ethics in Research. Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/ethics.php
Ethical assessment form for conducting research
http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=402802§ioncode=26
Article on how to overcome ethical problems by providing a ethical evaluation form.
There are many ways that ethical issues can be prevented when carrying out research. One of the main ways is through a ethical assessment form. These forms ask questions that generally have yes or no answers with right and wrong answers. all the answers should be correctly answered yes or no for it to be an ethical piece of research. If not then changes should be made to the method or the way the resarch is being carried out to make it ethical.
At our very own university we use these forms before conducting any research to ensure that the way in which the information we will be gathering is done in a ethical manner.
"Portsmouth Business School Ethics
Article on how to overcome ethical problems by providing a ethical evaluation form.
There are many ways that ethical issues can be prevented when carrying out research. One of the main ways is through a ethical assessment form. These forms ask questions that generally have yes or no answers with right and wrong answers. all the answers should be correctly answered yes or no for it to be an ethical piece of research. If not then changes should be made to the method or the way the resarch is being carried out to make it ethical.
At our very own university we use these forms before conducting any research to ensure that the way in which the information we will be gathering is done in a ethical manner.
"Portsmouth Business School Ethics
All research at PBS must be completed within ethical guidelines.
For students with projects and dissertations, please use the form for students available below, and follow the guidelines (also available to download below). You will need to see your supervisor to gain ethical aproval for your proposed study.
Staff and doctoral students seeking ethical approval should download and complete the appropriate application form below and forward as an email attachment to sharman.rogers@port.ac.uk who will then manage the process of approval with the Ethics Committee. "
Portsmouth Business School retrieved 22, November 2010 http://www.port.ac.uk/departments/faculties/portsmouthbusinessschool/research/pbsethics/
Children and Ethics
Children are categorised as a vulnerable participent which means that they are not able to consent for themselves due to limits to their understanding or inablilty to validly consent.
Research on children is important for the benefit of all children but must be conducted ethically.
When research is carried out on children, consent must be given. Consent can be given from people such as parents, school teachers, head teachers, school governers, and other similiars in the school sector.
Consent is normally only needed dependant on the age of the child. Therefore if the child is under the age of 18; consent is required. To get consent a researcher must explain their purpose and nature for their research. They should also assure that the childrens privacy will be kept just the same as an adults, let them opt out if they wish, and ensure enough information is given to the children and their guardian.
Morrow, V, (n.d.). Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Retrieved November 20, 2010 from http://www.ciimu.org/webs/wellchi/reports/workshop_1/w1_morrow.pdf
A REC will consider how the children are used within the study, how they are cared and protected during the study, protection once the study ends, how they are protected and the informws consent process. The REC will also want to know how the knowledge gained from the research is used and reported. This will then decide whether the research carried out is a benefit to the child.
Research on children is important for the benefit of all children but must be conducted ethically.
When research is carried out on children, consent must be given. Consent can be given from people such as parents, school teachers, head teachers, school governers, and other similiars in the school sector.
Consent is normally only needed dependant on the age of the child. Therefore if the child is under the age of 18; consent is required. To get consent a researcher must explain their purpose and nature for their research. They should also assure that the childrens privacy will be kept just the same as an adults, let them opt out if they wish, and ensure enough information is given to the children and their guardian.
Morrow, V, (n.d.). Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Retrieved November 20, 2010 from http://www.ciimu.org/webs/wellchi/reports/workshop_1/w1_morrow.pdf
A REC will consider how the children are used within the study, how they are cared and protected during the study, protection once the study ends, how they are protected and the informws consent process. The REC will also want to know how the knowledge gained from the research is used and reported. This will then decide whether the research carried out is a benefit to the child.
McGrath, S, (2007) Ethics involving Children. Retrieved November 20, 2010, from http://www.qub.ac.uk/methics/McGrath.pdf
Why ethics in research are important?
Ethics are key to research, they are what makes the research mean something to everyone aiming to eliminate corruption or duplication of data or deceiving the possible audience. They help reduce bad practice, harmful material or actions such as animal cruelty, social responsibilty or respect for colleagues. Ethics such as Honesty, Social responsibility and carefulness are used to also gain public support for the research with ethics such as legality and confidentiality protecting peoples rights improving social and moral values at the same time.
Therefor Ethics in research are essential for succesful work, helping to increase its credibility and worth, whilst reducing any harmful publication or actions which it may produce.
Therefor Ethics in research are essential for succesful work, helping to increase its credibility and worth, whilst reducing any harmful publication or actions which it may produce.
Ethical Vs. Legal Rules
Every sort of society in the world have legal rules that must be adhered to. In societies these rules must be listened to and by breaking these could result in punishment such as fines or jail time among others. However within the same societies there are also ethical norms which aren't exactly rules that HAVE to be adhered to but within society it is most probably frowned upon if there not.
It is also extremely important to remember that ethics and law are not the same thing. For example something could be legal but could be seen as unethical and vice versa. For example in some countries the death sentence could be legal however this is seen as unethical by many people. Another example of this could be where businesses test there products on animals. In some countries this may not be legal but by most of the population this would be seen as unethical.
In regards to 'Research Ethics' this point on legal Vs. ethical reasoning in respect to animal testing/research is one that many people feel extremely passionate about.
David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. (2010). What is Ethics in Research & Why is It Important?
Retrieved November 12, 2010, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis.cfm
David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. (2010). What is Ethics in Research & Why is It Important?
Retrieved November 12, 2010, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis.cfm
Friday, 19 November 2010
Principles
Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Some Ethical Principles:
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Confidentiality
Social responsibility
Non discrimination
Legality
David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. (2010). What is Ethics in Research & Why is It Important? Retrieved November 19, 2010, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis.cfm
Some Ethical Principles:
Honesty
Objectivity
Integrity
Carefulness
Confidentiality
Social responsibility
Non discrimination
Legality
David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D. (2010). What is Ethics in Research & Why is It Important? Retrieved November 19, 2010, from http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis.cfm
What is it?
What are research ethics?
Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research.
The scientific research enterprise is built on a foundation of trust. Scientists trust that the results reported by others are valid. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists to describe the world accurately and without bias. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct.
Research Ethics. (2010). Retrieved November 19, 2010, from the Wikipedia website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics
Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving scientific research.
The scientific research enterprise is built on a foundation of trust. Scientists trust that the results reported by others are valid. Society trusts that the results of research reflect an honest attempt by scientists to describe the world accurately and without bias. But this trust will endure only if the scientific community devotes itself to exemplifying and transmitting the values associated with ethical scientific conduct.
Research Ethics. (2010). Retrieved November 19, 2010, from the Wikipedia website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics
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